催化氧化技术治理苯化工装置和罐区含氮挥发性有机物废气

采用催化氧化技术对某石化企业苯胺、硝基苯等生产装置和罐区的含氮挥发性有机物(NVOCs)废气进行集中处理,建成了一套20 000 Nm~3/h规模的安全高效处理装置。采用自主研发的WSH-2N型蜂窝状Pt-Pd-Ce催化剂,在高效氧化有机物的同时,高选择性地将有机氮转化为N_2。运行结果表明,净化气非甲烷总烃质量浓度低于15 mg/m~3,非甲烷总烃去除率大于99%,NO_x质量浓度低于10 mg/m~3,苯、苯胺、硝基苯、环己烷等特征有机污染物浓度均低于检出限,各项指标优于国内外现有技术。     

中国工业CO_2排放的行业间传导网络及协同减排

工业是碳排放的主要部门,科学识别工业CO_2排放的行业间传导并揭示其联动结构对于跨行业协同减排具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文基于1991-2012年中国工业36个两位数行业数据,在VAR模型框架下,利用Granger因果检验方法对CO_2排放的行业间传导关系进行了识别,并从关系视角出发,借助社会网络分析方法(SNA)揭示工业CO_2排放行业间传导的整体和个体网络结构特征,研究发现:工业CO_2排放的行业间传导呈网络结构形态,网络密度在1-6期的滞后阶数下呈先升高后下降的趋势,并且在滞后2期达到最高;燃气生产和供应业、电力热力生产和供应业、服装业、造纸及纸制品业、木材加工业具有较高的度数中心度、中介中心度、接近中心度,在网络中处于核心位置,并发挥中介和桥梁作用;在CO_2排放的行业传导网络中,煤炭采选业、黑色金属矿采选业、有色金属矿采选业等10个行业属于经纪人板块,医药制造业、饮料制造业、化学纤维制造业等9个行业属于净受益板块,金属制品业、塑料制品业、农副食品加工业等11个行业属于双向溢出板块,烟草加工业、石油加工及炼焦业、燃气生产和供应业等6个行业属于净溢出板块。基于上述结论,本文提出了工业CO_2排放的跨行业协同减排思路。     

Reduction of Baltic Sea Nutrient Inputs and Allocation of Abatement Costs Within the Baltic Sea Catchment

The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) requires tools to simulate effects and costs of various nutrient abatement strategies. Hierarchically connected databases and models of the entire catchment have been created to allow decision makers to view scenarios via the decision support system NEST. Increased intensity in agriculture in transient countries would result in increased nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, particularly from Poland, the Baltic States, and Russia. Nutrient retentions are high, which means that the nutrient reduction goals of 135 000 tons N and 15 000 tons P, as formulated in the BSAP from 2007, correspond to a reduction in nutrient loadings to watersheds by 675 000 tons N and 158 000 tons P. A cost-minimization model was used to allocate nutrient reductions to measures and countries where the costs for reducing loads are low. The minimum annual cost to meet BSAP basin targets is estimated to 4.7 billion €.     

Mg3MnxAl1-xCO3类水滑石衍生NSR催化剂的制备及其性能评价

采用共沉淀法合成了三元类水滑石Mg_3Mn_xAl_(1-x)CO_3,通过高温煅烧得到其衍生氧化物Mg_3Mn_xAl_(1-x)O_m,再经浸渍负载Pt或BaO后制得新型NO_x存储/再还原(NSR)催化剂。XRD及SEM表征结果显示,当Mn与Al的摩尔比(Mn/Al)大于1时所制备的Mg_3Mn_xAl_(1-x)O_m有杂晶相出现且发生团聚,结合NO_x存储性能评价结果,确定最优Mn/Al为1。BaO负载不利于NO_x的存储,而当Pt负载量为1%(w)时NO_x存储性能最优,250℃条件下的存储量由负载前的0.52 mmol/g提升至0.61 mmol/g。CO_2与NO_x之间存在较强的竞争吸附。负载1%Pt催化剂的NSR性能评价结果表明,8个稀燃-富燃循环后NO_x的去除率为68%,表明催化剂的还原性能仍需加强。     

浅谈爆破振动的控制措施

结合爆破振动的作用机理,分别对减少振源爆炸能量、干扰降振、阻断振动波传播途径、控制爆破规模、合理选择分段间隔时间等爆破振动主要控制措施进行了分析讨论。并根据实际施工情况分析了通过电子雷管实现干扰降振的减振效果,为类似工程提供借鉴作用。     

大型碳化硅生产园区面源源强及减排指标核算

以某年产25万吨大型碳化硅园区无组织排放面源为例,提出基于多个地面站气象数据的CALPUFF模型地面浓度反推方法,优化流场模拟,使得无组织面源源强核算结果更加准确,并以环境保护目标空气质量达标为原则,核算其大气污染物减排指标,得出具体结论:园区大气污染物SO2、NOX、CO、PM10年排放量分别为449.06t、86.98t、5158.58t、115.06t;无组织排放SO2、CO及PM10的减排比例分别为63.5%、19.2%、42.44%,对应减排量分别为285.16 t/a、990.45 t/a、48.83 t/a。     

What happened to the Second World? Earthquakes and postsocialism in Kazakhstan

There is an assumption that with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Second World ceased to exist. Yet the demise of the Communist bloc as a geopolitical reality did not mean that it stopped exerting a defining influence over how people think and behave. This article examines how the postsocialist state in Kazakhstan deals with potential crises such as earthquakes and the extent to which the Soviet legacy still shapes intellectual debates, state structures, and civil society organisations in in that country. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews, this paper re-examines the Second World in its historical context and re-establishes it as a conceptual framework for considering disaster risk reduction in the former Soviet bloc. It argues that it is essential to pay attention to this legacy in Kazakhstan both in policy and practice if earthquake risk reduction is to be made more effective.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

基于LCA的废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果评估模式与方法研究——以吉林省某钢铁企业为例

促进废旧资源循环利用是加快推进我国生态文明建设,完成节能减排目标的必然选择。本文基于生命周期评价模式,从微观企业层面入手,构建产品全生命周期基准流程,引入能量输入与环境输出参数,建立废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果量化核算模型,评估再生产品的节能减排经济成效,并以吉林省某钢铁企业为例,评估"废钢-电炉"短流程和"铁矿石-高炉-转炉"长流程的能源、环境、成本差异,辨识影响废钢再循环节能减排效果的主要因素和重要环节。结果显示,再生钢铁全生命周期与原生钢铁全生命周期相比,节能588.48kgce/t,节能率为84%;主要污染物中SO2减排率最高,达92%;CO2总减排1 180.92 kg/t,减排率为67%;总成本却高出198元/t。其中,炼铁工序的节能量和减碳量最大,烧结工序SO2、NOx和烟(粉)尘减排量最大,焦化工序COD和氨氮减排量最大,回收、加工处理、炼钢环节节能量和减碳量以及SO2、NOx和烟(粉)尘减排量均为负。成本方面,再生钢铁生产成本高于原生钢铁308元/t,虽然再生钢铁由于污染减排可节省56元/t的排污费并获取54元/t的碳交易收益,但都不足以扭转电炉炼钢费用较高的现状。因此,国家应在电炉炼钢方面给予钢企及相关企业适当的财税扶持政策,在电价方面给予钢企一定的优惠或补贴,并完善废钢回收加工体系等,以促进废钢循环利用。基于LCA的废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果评估可以实现对产品生命周期全过程的资源、环境、成本的优化管理。     

羟基乙叉二膦酸镀铜废液的处理及Cu~(2+)的高附加值资源化回收

采用Na BH4还原法将羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)镀铜废液中的Cu~(2+)制备成纳米铜粉,并采用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对还原反应后的废液进行絮凝处理。研究了n(Cu~(2+))∶n(Na BH4)、还原反应温度、还原反应时间及PAM添加量对废液中剩余Cu~(2+)质量浓度的影响,并对回收的纳米铜粉进行了XRD和TEM表征。实验结果表明:当n(Cu~(2+))∶n(Na BH4)=4∶6、还原反应温度为50℃、还原反应时间为2 h时,废液中剩余Cu~(2+)质量浓度降低至1.1 mg/L,Cu~(2+)还原率达99.99%;可获得粒径为20~45 nm的近球型、高纯度、由多晶组成的纳米铜粉;当PAM添加量为10 mg/L时,废液中剩余Cu~(2+)质量浓度降至0.35 mg/L以下,达到GB 21900—2008《电镀污染物排放标准》(小于0.5 mg/L)的要求。